Why Singaporeans need not fear million-dollar public housing sales

Prices in Singapore’s public housing system are under growing scrutiny as million-dollar sales make headlines and raise fears over affordability

Those sales are outliers, though, amid the government’s efforts to keep speculative demand to a minimum

Nicholas Spiro

21 May 2024

For an attention-grabbing headline in the coverage of Asia’s residential property sector, look no further than the sale last month of a flat in Singapore’s public housing system for a staggering S$1.58 million (US$1.17 million), a record high for a second-hand flat built by the Housing and Development Board (HDB), the city state’s public housing authority.

According to PropNex Realty, which represented the seller of the five-room flat in Bukit Merah in the central region of Singapore, 185 HDB flats were resold for at least S$1 million each last quarter, exceeding the previous quarterly record. Moreover, HDB flat resale prices rose for the 16th straight quarter, having risen nearly 30 per cent in the past three years.

While sales in the private property market have fallen steeply since 2021 – partly because of the imposition of additional cooling measures, notably a doubling of extra stamp duties for non-residents buying homes to a staggering 60 per cent – transactions in the HDB resale market have experienced only a modest decline.

In fact, there are concerns there is too much speculative demand. Earlier this month, the government announced it was investigating two misleading listings of HDB resale flats that were put up for sale for an absurdly high S$2 million each. The listings were for a “jumbo” flat that turned out to be two adjacent flats ineligible to be merged and sold as a single unit and a “design, build, and sell” scheme flat that lacked approval to be put on the market.

The bogus listings were quickly taken down, with the government warning it would “not condone behaviour, whether by agents or sellers, that seeks to disrupt the market or fan consumer sentiment”.

However, this is easier said than done. While the number of flats sold for at least S$1 million accounted for just 2.6 per cent of HDB resale transactions in the first quarter, prices are rising in 19 of the 26 HDB towns and estates, according to OrangeTee.

Moreover, a growing number of flats sold for S$1 million or more are in newer non-mature estates where local amenities are fewer. “Million-dollar sales are outliers, but when you constantly hear about them it risks becoming a self-fulfilling prophecy that pushes up prices,” said Nicholas Mak, chief research officer at property portal Mogul.sg.

Furthermore, the buoyant HDB resale market cannot be viewed in isolation. While the average price of a resale private condominium just under 100 square metres (1,076 square feet) rose from S$1.5 million in 2020 to S$1.9 million last year, the value of a similarly sized HDB flat increased from S$450,000 to S$570,000.

Property portal Stacked Homes notes that the average price of a private condominium in the core central region which is 20 years or newer reached S$2.7 million at the end of 2023, compared with S$1.2 million for its HDB counterpart. Outside the central region, the average price of a condominium of a similar age rose to S$1.4 million. For this price, a buyer can purchase an HDB flat in a prime location in the city centre.

The appeal of HDB flats is enhanced by the fact that Singapore’s government-built flats do not face the problems of crime and social isolation that bedevil crumbling public housing estates in other countries.

Not only are they clean, safe and spacious, but the buildings and grounds are well-maintained and periodically upgraded with new lifts and walkways. “At times you can’t tell whether it’s a public or a private flat,” Mak said.

Yet this only increases the government’s resolve to ensure public housing – a pillar of social policy in Singapore and a crucial political tool for the ruling People’s Action Party – remains accessible and affordable to Singaporeans, especially first-time buyers. While cooling measures in the private property market often make the headlines, less attention is paid to the government’s efforts to regulate and temper demand in the public housing system.

First, only Singapore citizens and permanent residents are allowed to purchase new or resale flats. While families and married couples qualify from the age of 21, singles are only eligible when they reach 35. Moreover, owners of both new and resale flats must occupy the property for at least five years before they can sell or rent it out.

Second, restrictions in the public housing system have become tighter. In September 2022, the government imposed a temporary 15-month “wait-out” period private property owners must serve before buying a resale flat, with the exception of those aged 55 and above.

In August 2023, the government announced a revised classification system for new HDB flats as part of a plan to build more flats in sought-after locations. The new projects come with more generous subsidies but also longer minimum occupation periods and stricter resale conditions to curb speculative demand.

Christine Sun, chief researcher and strategist at OrangeTee, said Singapore’s public housing system was a trade-off between affordability and restrictiveness. “You can buy a flat for S$600,000 as long as you don’t mind living in it for five or 10 years,” Sun said.

Million-dollar price tags in the HDB resale market inevitably raise eyebrows, especially within the government. Yet while there are bound to be more million-dollar sales, Singapore’s public housing system is worth its weight in gold at a time when a cost-of-living crisis and high interest rates are placing a heavy financial burden on Singaporeans. This is why speculative demand in the public housing system is being kept to a minimum.

Nicholas Spiro is a partner at Lauressa Advisory